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Blueberry shoestring virus
Blueberry shoestring virus (BBSSV) is a viral disease that is commonly transmitted by the aphid vector, ''Illinoia pepperi''.〔Morimoto, K.M., D.C. Ramsdell, J.M. Gillett, and W.G. Chaney. 1985. Acquisition and transmission of blueberry shoestring virus by its aphid vector Illinoia pepperi. Phytopathology 75:709-712.〕 The blueberry shoestring virus disease is very prominent in highbush and lowbush blueberry plants in the northeastern and upper Midwest of the United States.〔Ranger, C. M., J. Johnson-Cicalese, S. Polavarapu, N. Vorsa. 2006. Evaluation of ''Vaccinium'' spp. for ''Illinoia pepperi'' (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Performance and Phenolic Content. J. Econ. Entomol. 99(4): 1474-1482.〕 Symptoms can vary significantly depending on the environment, but the most common disease symptoms are reddish streaking on young stems, reduced vigor and strap-shaped leaves.〔Ramsdell, D.C. 1979. Blueberry shoestring virus, no. 204. CMI/AAR descriptions of plant viruses. Kew, Surrey, England.〕 The blueberry shoestring virus disease can be managed by eliminating the aphid vector through the use of biological, chemical or cultural controls. In severe cases, the disease leads to an extensive loss of yield and marketable fruit.〔Ramsdell D.C. Blueberry Shoestring. In: Converse R.H., editor. 1987. Virus Diseases of Small Fruits. US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 631, US Government Printing Office; Washington, D.C., USA: pp. 103–105.〕
== Hosts and symptoms ==
The only known plant hosts of blueberry shoestring virus are highbush blueberry, ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', and lowbush blueberry, ''Vaccinium angustifolium'', plants. When infected, these blueberry plants become stunted in growth. A common symptom that is present in infected plants is elongated reddish streaking on the stems, which is the most common visual diagnostic of BBSSV. Other common symptoms include red vein-banding on the leaf, which form a red oak-leaf like pattern, and a red-purple discoloration on undeveloped berries. The berries remain discolored and do not turn blue. The flowers of infected blueberry plants may have a pink tinge or reddish streaks on the petals.〔〔Morimoto KM, Ramsdell DC. 1985. Aphid Vector Population-Dynamics and Movement Relative to Field Transmission of Blueberry Shoestring Virus. Phytopathology 75:1217-1222.〕〔Urban LA, Ramsdell DC, Klomparens KL, Lynch T, Hancock JF. 1989. Detection of Blueberry Shoestring Virus in Xylem and Phloem Tissues of Highbush Blueberry. Phytopathology 79:488-493.〕 As the severity of the disease increases, the leaves become crescent-shaped, and the yield production of blueberries is reduced.〔 However, the latency period (time between infection and symptom expression) of BBSSV can last as long as 4 years, which makes it difficult to distinguish between healthy and infected blueberry plants.〔
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